GTW Gesellschaft für Terminologie und Wissenstransfer Association for Terminology and Knowledge Transfer Association pour la Terminologie et le Transfert des Connaissances |
TKE
'99
Terminology and Knowledge Engineering On the way to Multilingual Information Markets
|
Heiner Benking, Freitag 17. August 1999
S8: Culture in the Multimedia Information
11.30 – 12.00 Portals, Switching Systems and Reference Schemas
| Heiner Benking
Consultant, Germany BRIDGING & SWITCHING REPRESENTATIONS IN ORDER SYSTEMS:
including the LANGUAGE AND COMPUTERS paper in Co-operation with Prof. Johnnes Heinrichs, Berlin |
1. Abstract
The objective is to provide an overview, review and outlook of
what is/was going on in multi-lingual, multi-cultural applications by not
just focusing on memory, but reasoning and imagination and how to better
facilitate a transfer (convertibility) of meaning between applications,
languages, and cultures. Central topic is how to ”concert” aspects, perspectives,
metaphors, and through embodiment support of translation in order to allow
appraisal and bridges between ”incomparable” information (harmonization).
Focus is on providing a place or ”topos” for ”topics” in agreed upon
matrices holding different kinds of realities (material, virtual,
ideal, simulated, augmented, blended, etc.) in order to discuss the context
of concepts and support shared access and assimilation. Beside the central
concern regarding metaphors and human cognitive potentials and learning,
the paper reviews developments in the field of order systems, subject catalogues,
and switching systems, and how this is of relevance to the debate of knowing
and understanding the age of ”cyberculture”.
Keywords:
Knowledge Organization, Multi-Lingual/Cultural, Convertibility,
Harmonization, R
epositories, Digital Culture, Humane Information Society
Bridging and Switching Representations in Order Systemss
Abstract: The objective is to provide an overview, review and outlook of what is/was going on in multi-lingual, multi-cultural applications by not just focusing on memory, but reasoning and imagination and how to better facilitate a transfer (convertibility) of meaning between applications, languages, and cultures. Central topic is how to “concert” aspects, perspectives, metaphors, and through embodiment support of translation in order to allow appraisal and bridges between “incomparable” information (harmonization). Focus is on providing a place or “topos” for “topics” in agreed upon matrices holding different kinds of realities (material, virtual, ideal, simulated, augmented, blended, etc.) in order to discuss the context of concepts and support shared access and assimilation. Beside the central concern regarding metaphors and human cognitive potentials and learning, the paper reviews developments in the field of order systems, subject catalogues, and switching systems, and how this is of relevance to the debate of knowing and understanding the age of “cyberculture”.
Keywords
Knowledge Organization, Multi-Lingual/Cultural, Convertibility, Harmonization,
Repositories, Digital Culture, Humane Information Society
Introduction
Under the premise that there is a Human Right underlying the Freedom
of Information Act, we have to look not only into the right to have “information
at our fingertips” - but pragmatic and contextual information about this
information. The moment we “attach” a meta-level, a higher or lower backround
or “environment” of any data there is a chance to reflect, translate, and
transform meaning between repositories.
As the chaotic growth of the world-wide-web and our metaphors inflates
and confuse our “store of knowledge” in an unprecedented way, it seems
necessary to review approaches to come to grips with what we know and don`t,
and review our ways and modes of thinking, our approaches to access and
assimilation of multi-lingual, multi-cultural and interdisciplinary and
how we store data across times in archives. We have selected in 1989 the
quote “Much is known - unfortunately in different heads” (Werner Kollath)
for international meta-data harmonization studies and projects and feel
this is an appropriate extra building block to help us review what has
been happening in this field of “in-between” repositories which are either
compatible (standardization) or comparable (harmonization) and discuss
some of these schemas, matrixes, grids or chart for collecting, finding,
comparing, merging and morphing data and conceptual insights in this only
recently more rapidely evolving field. See “cultural diversity protection
“issues (Judge 1988) and how to meerge and morphe insights building “interspaces”
(Benking/Judge 1994).
As we consider the TKE workshop and environment an ideal place to discuss
such matters in an academic, but moreso pragmatic way and and concert alternative
actions, the purpose and intention of this paper is to provide some (biased)
background which might nevertheless, even though hopefully controversally,
help to introduce and gauge some building-blocks and learnings, trigger
alternatives, and raise the level of awareness and concern for glocal (local
and global), transdiciplinary and multi-cultural solutions. Last not least
but foremost, the focus is on “augementing and sharing human intellect
(co-creation towards joint understanind and action”, considering human
mnemonic and creative participative potentials and make use of technology
in ways we feel it would ”please the thinker and serve humankind at the
same time” (Doppler) as the antidote to plain technology and opportunity
driven developments.
There is a lineage of ”non consensus” and “fight for leverage and ownership”
which is considered counterproductive for the humane domain of public goods.
What we are concerned about is the support of knowledge infrastructures
whihc can help to enhance, not hinder the free exchange and comparison
of cultural heritage and infrastructure needed for understanding and orientation
-, the need to know and compare “what something is about and good for”.
There is no “the only one” road or way within and between natural
and cultural domains. Some roads have been plannned and developped between
subject calalogues, portals, and repositories in the past and need to be
considered and incorporated. In order to include such diverse collections
and objectives the papers sees as a requisite to switching the need to
review the past and agree on alternative definition where we can layout
and chart data collections and paradigms in common maps or frames of reference.
Given this possibility of having at our “fingertips” maps filters, brokers,
agents, and knowbots, ... we should remember the the old trinity for navigation
andld exploration is “captain - chart - compass” and we shound therefore
not forget that we need schemas and ways to get along jointly towards agreed
upon and positive ends. Keeping in mind the need to go beyond the discussion
of tools and implementation timeframes, towards societal considerations
and coexistence - a humane sustainable society - not just what an
“information society” has in store.
Why Switching Systems?
Tremendous work has been invested and countless controversial meetings
took place over the subject of subject catalogues, switching systems, and
schemas. The matter is not trivial as our cultures, mental models, schools
to thought, and “intelligences” vary widely. They are also subject to objectives
and means at the specific time of endeavor. Data coded and stored in a
certain way aquire the “reality”of “de-facto standards” and theryby often
hinder the advent of new ways and means. This is not only due to the influence
or “market share” of certain domain leaders, but the fact that facts in
place have a tendency to prevail and reduce the chance for “newcommers”.
(monopolism of conceptual domains). As all attemps to standardize through
use (bottom-up) approaches have failed due to the influence and interest
of domain “ownern” which were defending their mandats or or territory due
to the lack or missing acceptance of overall purposes and perspectives,
it is of high immediacy and importance to go “beyond the one model”, or
the “fight over perspectives”, but investing some more thought on bridgebuilding
and translation/transformation in the age of “magnetic portals” and misleading,
even inherentyl dangerous one metaphors oversimplifications and overclaims.
Architectures of Switching Systems
The idea of universal knowledge can be understood as survey knowledge;
the possibility to provide an outline/frame where all fields can have their
place. If we review the “worlds” of Ptolemy, Leonardo, Leibniz, Goethe,
von Bingen, ... then we realize that they had pretty much an idea about
what was known in their times in their specific age, and at the same time
where aware of knowledge and wisdom from “outside”. They were also “experts/researchers/inventors/artists
in some fields - typically all men or women of the eyact and fine arts.
The argument is, that we need different kinds of knowledge and “common
frames of reference” in order to navigate and switch beteen the different
forms and representations.
Library science basic pupose is to bring together and help access and
assimilate, bring to shared understanding and action. In regard to “architecture”,
the idea to bring all knowledge, at least when it can be stored in books,
to one place is appealing, but this “physical warehouse” representation
is definitely history and we have to consider building “clearinghouses”
in borderland - bridging physical, ideal, virtual, imaginary conceptual
representation as an alterantive to resignation and isolation.
In the end of the 20th Century we became more and more aware that the
idea of physical storage only in books and only at one place as a prerequisite
to knowledge can not be considered seriously, but our scholary thinkin
is still in this “mold”, leading us consequentely into the idea that all
overview and orientation is lost eternally, and we are ultimately and irreversably
heading towards chaos, an ireversible doomsday “Second Flood”.
We in this worksop want to go beyond this “everybody knows” “trap”
by trying some alternatives to data- and metadata storage, testing and
comparing alternative paradigms and see if we can find some common ground
for concerting alternative paradigms (Kühlewind).
Alternative and Concerted Architectures/Paradigms
Much effort has been invested over the last 60 years to not only to
build repositories but to bridge aspects and perspectives by considering,
reflecting and “mapping” origin, purpose, focus, quality and context of
entities. Be can not go into details here but recommend to follow the references
in the papers listed in the references as “entry-points” by authors such
as Dahlberg, Judge, Veltman, and the work of the author on meta-data, harmonization
and knowledge architectures.
Dahlberg has proposed with the ICC one central building block of a
possible “root-” or “meta-paradigm” which we want to build on and focus
on for a moment. Her proposal shows how we can go beyond hierachical listings
and knowledge trees/roots/rizomes by defining a coherent, easy to remember
and therfore practical deep structured schema or matrix to see and explore
the connections, using a “Systematifyer”. This grid allows to place “regions
or fields of knowledge” in the true sense of the word, even when the subject
is distributed over many domains - this we can consider a horizontal thread
like in a carpet, a prerequistite to “bridge-building” or harmonization,
helping us to realize that harmonization is not homogenization, but instead
helping us to maintain diversity my defining space and place for topics,
situations/locations”. Dahlberg proposes the first step by creating a “floor
plan”, a 2-dimensional matrix, for the proposed “House of Horizons and
Perspectives ” and it is important to note that her “master schema” co-exists
with other grids, like Judges “Functional Classification” and other coherent
layouts, which help to structure deeply, point at themes, and allow parall
planes for other languages.
The necessary next step is to realize how these grids are connected
in order to be able to bridge them, a step requiering to go into a third
dimension, going spacial by embodying- not only in the spatial abstract
or semantic/analytical still limmitting way of representation, but to go
deeper into sharable immersive, blended and augmented “realities” . We
are insisting here on “Space” as a root metaphor, as it can contain many
objects and their conceptual transformation into metaphors/strory telling.
Such an embodied or “real” thinking helps to “matrialize” what we mean,
make it solid, plasitc by giving it place, form and content wich can be
“negotiated” which can easily convey and translate meaning and beside
making subjects more easily to grasp and grope/grok.
Organic nested Models
The debate of the unity of knowledge is as old as philosophy. Traditions
and cultures have developped schemas or “wheels” to show how things belong
together and that we have to have a picture of the whole to be able to
feel as part of it. We have shown elsewhere that one- or two-dimensional
presentations are not enough to find shared understanding and get along
in a complex modern and global society, and that our models do not suffice,
that we are in the wrong “film” . So what we propose here is to do the
next step by allowing to bridge deep space-scapes, navigating in silulated
thematic spaces, like we do in physical space.
We can not focus in this article at the “evolution” of order systems
, but would like to provide some references for further study and emphasize,
that nature can teach us how to “construct organic, three-dimensional
models. These maps or models are not the territory of Nature (free after
Bateson) but can help us at least to create some better “fidelity” of what
we can understand with what we perceive. Through our physical, haptical,
visual, and motorical experience we are use to “handle” and live in space,
and so it is only natural that we propose here to use this common way of
sharing, panning and zooming of “real space”, also for immersive, synthetic,
conceptual spaces. In such virtual and abstract “realms” or “rooms” we
can share in the same way positions, relations, neighborhoods, levels,
aspects, horizons, and perspectives as was shown in various fields
of study or application during the last years (Benking 1990-1999). *********
Dahlbergs work on switching systems “projected into space”...! **********
Consciousness and cognition studies lead us to use our concepts
and schemas for the internal and external workplaces of the mind and it
makes much sense to apply metaphors to bridge meaning across domains and
scales, not stop by information, knowledge and memory, but use it as prerequisites
for reasoning, imagination, and co-creation .
Portals need Switching Systems
The Information and Communication Age creates an unprecedented glut
of data of dubious, often unwanted and dubious “noise”, which overloads
our capacities, “dumbs us down” , can be seen as attractors we can not
avoid (magnetic portals), and hides the information we actually want and
need. But this natural tendency to form islands, spheres, or territories
of influence or gravity, we can easily get accustomed to as it so nicely
seems to serve our needs according to our “profile” or past interests or
actions, has some negative side effects: It does not provide transparency,
is ridgid and therefore hinders change and individual development.
Conclusion
It is not enough to create volumes of data without having an idea about
the content, purpose, and how they fit in a broader scheme of things. The
Article showed that there are concepts looking into the unity of knowledge
and grids which can help not only to store, but also find, combine, and
make use of entries, triggering ideas and helping to come to practical
ends.
Mandatory seems to be to use and combine new and old forms of store
and use information, and use the potential as the ideal “container” and
“mining” or exploration concept. For applying this realization it seem
necessary to review our metaphors, and take terms like grid or matrix for
real instead of hiding behind words we do not use in an embodied or “solid”
sense. By applying our ability to fly and dive in deep knowledge-scapes
we might be able to outline and combine issues towards desireable ends.
The alternative is to fall into agression or worse apathy, ignoring chaos,
hiding or fighting for local or personal benefit. The idea to combine and
bridge is possible, can help from new or different positions and angles,
see with new eyes. Switching between repositories is a support function
and tool which can helping us to overcome any single or isolated approach,
helping us to make use of information stored in a multitude of specialized
collections.
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Abbreviations
EEES
Environmental Experts of the Economic Summit (G7) with SRU
ISKO
International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)
http://www.infoterm.or.at/isko
UIA
Union of International Associations
http://www.uia.org/
infoterm
terminology research
http://www.infoterm.or.at/ plus ISO/TC37
FAW
Research Centre for Applied Knowledge Processing(FAW)
http://www.faw.uni-ulm.de/
MLIS
CEC - MULTI-LINGUAL INFORMATION SOCIETY
ISSS
International Society for the Systems Sciences
http://www.isss.org/
ISSS .
. . . Wholeness Seminar
http://www.newciv.org/ISSS_Primer/seminar.html
ISIS
Int'l Soc for Interdisciplinary Sciences http://www.collegium-Humanum.ch/colleg/Sites/events.htm
SRU
Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen - Environmental Advisors
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
http://www.unep.org/
UNEP-HEM-office
(closed)
Harmonization of Environmental Measurement Programme
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