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ISGI 2005
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Granularity, Topicality, and Generalization of Information |
Reflections about maps and models, orienting
generalizations and their possible pragmatic and ethical implications and
challenges |
See: http://benking.de/systems/codata/ -
http://www.codata-germany.org/ISGI_2005/ISGI_Order_Information.pdf
Heiner Benking, Open Forum &
Tagore-Einstein-Council
The ultimate aim of
science is to obtain knowledge,
description, and explanation
of the whole,
in all the complex
interrelations, in all the differences
from time to time and place to place.
Hartshorne
Abstract. The outstanding or unique quality of
geographers or topographers is their experience and professionalism in handling
scales; scales including proportions and consequences connected to the issues
between "commons" like: cultures, sectors, languages, and fields.
Generalization has to do with agreements on subjects
and intentions, on scales, frames and legends, how information will not only be
reduced, but brought to a higher level of organization in a repeatable and
understandable way, keeping in mind the logical flow of data between scales.
The discussion of the Potentials and Challenges connected to generalization
form the main part of the paper. A Cognitive Panorama making up a model, an
embodied generalization is presented.
One special concern of often requested "orienting
generalizations" is how to not only bridge entities in physical or natural
environments, but how this could be applied while using the "toolbox"
of mapmakers, model-builders, and librarians, keeping track of repositories
holding terminological and language information, including the exchange and
translation between scales, natural, cultural, and sign information (according
to C.S. Peirce: symbols, icons, and indexes).
Keywords. Generalization, reductionism, orientation,
meta-data, inder-disciplinarity, coherence, knowledge organization,
culture-navigation, pragmatism, holism, harmonization, general system theory,
general model theory, sign theory, education, information society, knowledge.
"Somewhere between the specific that has no meaning and the general
that has no content
there must be for each purpose and at each level of abstraction, an
optimum degree of generality”.
K. Boulding
1 Introduction
2 So what is Generalization ? - Are Maps and
Models Generalizations ? - and is there a purpose and pragmatic concept behind
maps and models?
3 A nine-dimensional (9-D) Model for
generalized knowledge-organization and orientation? -- Can a combination of
embodied model of reference frames (scaffoldings) called "Cognitive Panorama" (3 x 3D)
or (3Space/Time) help to share
"Commons" or a "Global Covenant"?
4 Knowledge Organization, Meta-Data,
Multi-Linguality and Generalization
5 Summary and Outlook
References
in alpha-order - collection still in progress...
1 Introduction
Geo-sciences - in particular surveying and map- and model making - have
a lot in store for not just aggregation and generalization of data, but to look
into and bridge information along and across scales and combining various modes
of representations (schemas[1]
and sign systems). Let us just think about "truthing" and
geo-statistics (kridging) which allows the calibration of data with a set of
samples and then applying findings to other "areas", so not just the
combination of different formats, of vector- and raster graphics with
alphanumeric thematic information, but coded and non-coded data. [1].
So what is special about this bridging and combining
"incompatible" or widely distant and seemingly "unrelated"
information? The philosopher Günter Ropohl (1975) [2]. the concept and need for
"T- Intelligence"[2],
an ability to bring together specialization and generalization, or more widely
understood: standardization and harmonization[3],
an ability interaction along and across scales, outlining and lumping issues.
The challenge is seen in including other ways of representation, not
just lists and trees (hierarchical structures) but multi-hierarchical spacial[4]
orders, using the fullness, rightness and potential emptiness of space as
potential and realm from shared broader orientation. Discussing challenges of
Order and Orientation, the traditional Earth, Space, and Life Sciences[5]
have much to offer for keeping our "Stores of Knowledge" in order and
maintain good communication between other stores or repositories, nowadays
called portals[6],
and helping us creating and maintaining a feeling of place and topic, of
context and coherence, an antidote to the ubiquitous postmodern apathy and loss
of orientation and purpose.
The International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics (IESC) [5]
will be consulted throughout this paper to check definitions and secure a
stable basis for the proposed "constructions" or
"scaffoldings" covered by paper. So for example in the IESC (3006)
Semantics (pathological): "Heinz von Foerster points out what makes Information":
"only understanding and ordering data in interrelations clustered in
reference frames makes information".
We will in this paper focus on this understanding and shared,
participatory aspects which are involved when negotiating and relating issues
and give examples of such proposed alternative ordering in common frames[7],
or maybe a "Global Covenant" [7]. It makes sense to structure and
stratify in agreed-upon frames in order to distinguish and share various contexts,
granularities, sectors and topics, and cultivate a dialog and decision culture
[9] in order to listen to and explore details and differences. The IESC is a
good example to see differences in definitions and be aware of the context of
the terms - and signs) [4].
This leads us to Generalization (IESC 1414) which
states that it is "the derivation of a more embracing law,
principle, or method from a number of specific cases of some phenomena or
situation", and that it "involves the discovery of some common
characteristics, forms, or patterns present in the different situations
considered. It consists of looking for homomorphisms, and if possible of
isomorphic models, and constructing useful heuristics. However, as
generalization is antinomic to more precise distinctions between the compared
elements, it should be used carefully". The IESC in (Over-Generalization (1416) even alerts us that
"excessive enthusiasm seems to breed short-sightedness, semantic muddles,
wrong appreciation of situations and even twisted or intolerant behavior"[8].
Caution is needed when we are not alerting ourselves whether we want to
reduce detail or complexity. It seems obvious that we can like panning and
zooming, "replace" elements on a quantitative scale and find
signatures for topological features, when we define an appropriate legend for
it, but we are leaving out or mis-representing complex situations and
interactions, and there is also the surprise of emergence, something showing up
we can not draw from the "given"[9]
(Schwarzkopf 1995) - directly observable and experienced in the
meso-scale. In this way simplification or generalization can be
counterproductive and dangerous, making us believe we know and can map, when we
can not.
To outline such complex sytemic processes and phenomena we can consult
in the IESC also something close to Generalization to help us show differences.
Under Reductionism (2771) in the IESC we find the we need pluralistic
descriptions with both causal and synchronistic aspects in order to not to fall
into the traps of Reductionism, and the author would like to add: the traps of
Generalization. So any focus just on the detail, or just on any single level is
misleading. A systemic, organismic approach would be trandisciplinary and
multi-modal, inviting transfer and translation between the scales, sectors,
levels and schemas[10].
So, Generalization needs to be a sensibly applied, non-reversable
process requiring careful observation of the signs and scales involved and how
they are understood and ordered - we add here negotiated in the sense of
jointly visiting elements, objects or issues at various levels, from different
perspectives and in different modes, using different senses and sign systems.[11]
To address the challenges of "over" and "mis"-use of
Generalization, this papers is therefore intended to base approaches and
proposals for possible wider use on the long-standing experience in the geo-
and natural sciences, using generalizations in conventional map- and model
making to take a closer, pragmatic look at what is done when
"generalizing" and how such pragmatical expertise might be helpful
for checking and sharing "truth" or "fidelity", even taking
a step further towards exploring and negotiating proportions and consequences,
even to quote Mario Bunge in "it is not the function of geographers to
only map the world, but to change it"[12].
Scale is more than size;
it is size with proportions and consequences.
When proportions are no longer in harmony,
or consequences are unanticipated,
we have problems of scale.
J.A. Buzacott et.al (1982) [14]
2 So what is Generalization ? - Are Maps and
Models Generalizations ? - and is there a purpose and pragmatic concept behind
maps and models?
We should start with asking whether the
tradition of geo-cartographic generalization, and our human capabilities, our
being "model-making animals" [15] can help us tackling new
applications and needs.
As a start let us remember, that one intention of
generalization is to work towards "bigger pictures" in order to not
get lost in details, but instead find on another level what is common and what
connects. It is simply "seeing the woods, not just the trees", taking
a high stand or assuming a "birds-eye" trying to see the commons, or
use the broad brush to make a first rough architectural design, instead of
starting with the engineering blueprint first.
Definitely, as it is clear to the "geo-science
people", this is an irreversible process, when you delete details in order
to see "bigger schemes of things" it is impossible to go back to the
original or "natural" detail, as details are lost - but on the other
hand - through the synthesis and integration common laws and patterns can be
found which might be able to construct with the newly formed model other
"to-scale" designs with probably great variety and alternative
practical uses.
What we are aiming at here is not to put emphasis on
one scale or one process only -like scaling up or down, but instead to see the
merit and benefit of alternative, co-existent representations at various scale
levels -and help the conception of
co-existence and translations and transpositions across scales. See for example
here the scale-problem of political sciences which treat each scale as far as
possible separately and only aggregate data, but scaling up-and down only
became common place only in the last 20 years with the advent of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), reaching such interactive online functionalities at
the desktop only recently with new features and scrolling or panning and
zooming across scales like Google™, Google Mapsä, and
Google Earthä or Microsoft Virtual Earthä, or
Hyperhistoryä[13], where a Synchronoptical Atlas of 5000 years World
History from Arno Peters (1964) [16] can be now (in-part) online explored. In
the original atlas from 1954 annotations followed even with the finger (index)
in parallel layers or cultural bands of each 100 years on the double-page,
layers for the Australien, Asian, Arabian, European, African, American cultures
and civilizations. The new reduced only-version Hyperhistory™ we have a virtual
user-space scale. This is similar to what we know from anatomic atlases where
we can explore bodies in 3D, different is just the move from meso-scale to a 2D
synchronoptic macro-scale. There is no depth to navigate, only links you can
follow to an index or reference section, see gazetters[14].
We could explore this further in the field of library
projects [17] , but at this point we need to manage the treshold to 3-D model
space. Geographic Maps are still 2 D, but maps can also be seen as sections of
a 3 D terrain, or the 3D physical world. What we will discuss here is opening
the door not just to triadic thinking [18], but embodied triadic thinking !,
where we have to consult and revisit the General Model Theory and Systematic
Neo-Pragmatism[15]
(Herbert Stachowiak (1964-85) [46].
The concepts behind the General Model Theory are very
central and pragmatic. You are not creating beside Nature's reality other
realities with the same quality, but you
generalize by creating another window of reality. Maybe an artificial one
combining "levels of reality"[16].
You make alternative models of reality with a certain, clearly described fit,
match or fidelity, AND with pragmatic intention, where you know what you can
leave out at the model-picture level. We could say with Alfred Korzybski (IESC)
in General Semantics (3005) and Gregory Bateson [19] in mind: "the map not
the territory", but even more so, "a model is not the world".
Problem in modern society is that maps and models are
used as abstract concepts, without referent and in good modern post-modern way
without any possible concretion, without the purpose of sharing ways or
orientations[17].
Whoever imagines mental barriers which actually do not exist
and then thinks them away, has understood the world.
As space is entrapped in geometry's network of lines,
thought is caught in its (own) inherent laws.
Maps make the world comprehensible to us;
we are still waiting for the star-maps of the spirit.
In the same way that ambling through fields
we risk getting lost, the spirit negotiates its terrain.
Friedrich Rueckert , Wisdom of Brahmins
(translated by C. Robinson)
3
A nine-dimensional (9-D) Model for
generalized knowledge-organization and orientation? -- Can a combination of
embodied model of reference frames (scaffoldings) called "Cognitive
Panorama" (3 x 3D) or
(3Space/Time) help to share "Commons" or a "Global
Covenant"?
We are speaking here about tangible, embodied models, models from a
"high stand" and for a certain purpose. It is impossible to consider
such constructions ultimate and the only possible construction or design. The
purpose of our proposed Cognitive Panorama[18]
[20]. The potential of creating small-scale constructs lies not only in making
miniature models of physical objects or landscapes, but to use them, make them
accessible, and ease communication about how "reality" is or might be
in mindscapes. Here we can build, merge, morph, and augment realities, and use
it for defining plateaus for "culture navigation" and combination of
levels of reality (footnote 15)[19].
Such potentials and new application dimensions have been outlined,
presented and combined in the design of the Cognitive Panorama since 1995 [20]
and the Rubik's Cube for the Topogramm [21] design in 1987, and the Global
Change[20]
exhibition [22] in 1990. We have in this paper place for explaining the design
again and would like to invite to study the literature and the entries in the
IESC Encyclopedia as below.
Please see for further description the following entries in the
Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
(IESC) [5]: 1) stands for general information, 2) methodology or model, 3) epistemology, ontology and semantics, 4)
human sciences, and 5) for discipline oriented.
0479 COGNITIVE PANORAMA 1) -
2) 0484 COGNITIVE SPACES 1) 0999
ECO-CUBE/KNOW MAP 1) - 2) - 3)
2001 MAP (Mental) 2) - 3) 2002
MAP TERRITORY RELATION 2) - 3) 2003
MAPPING 2)
2104 METAPHORIC FRAMEWORK 1) - 2)
- 4) 2105 METAPHORS (Classes of) 2)
2228 MULTI-PERSPECTIVISM 1) - 2)
- 4) 2463 PANORAMA OF UNDERSTANDING 1) - 2)
2464 PANORAMA THINKING 1) -
2)
Figure 1: The Cognitive Panorama,
an example for embodied, tangible generalization for concrete [23],
explorations and negotiation from “a distance”.
The Human as Communicator and Bridge-builder overlooks from a high stand
the connection of spaces. The picture was drawn bay the late architect Otto
Schärli, a contemporary and friend of Jean Gebser [23] and Hugo Kückelhaus[21]
Further description and the selection of dimensional can be also found
in the first presentation with the Council of Europe 1995 [20] which invited
new ideas and new spaces. With such constructions, it is possible to point at
exchanges between fields, sectors, subjects, scales, any extension which was
before designed or "mapped" in order to follow "flows" or
exchanges with an orienting generalization in mind.
We propose the definition of such structures and superstructures, see
proposal for CODATA-MIST 2005 [12] (Benking, Judge, Uhlir [24] to make clear
what is generalized and how levels relate in the broader context.
Concepts,
definitions, measurements
in dynamical systems such as ecosystems,
only make sense if they are independent
of a particular choice of co-ordinates
J. Mc Glade [2]
4 Knowledge Organization, Meta-Data,
Multi-Linguality and Generalization
Keeping our stores of knowledge in order requires that we go beyond the
post-modern stance of Cyberculture [25]. Where all is in a post-modern
“fashion” without perspective, irreversible!!, chaotic and in vain, and we just
think we need to try to "muddle-through". Beside the Global Embodied
Covenant [7], some books and articles about a World-House[22]
are recommended, something concrete and concise, where (especially young
people) have worked on agreeing on various basics, like what is the fundament,
the roof, the rooms, and levels. Such proposals and definitions also need to be
done for the Grid or Matrix of terms in a multi-lingual, multi-cultural world
with lots of specialized terminologies and specialized verbiage.
One way in this specific and critical application is beside the
fashionable semantic nets application to generalize knowledge (of broader
terms) in Switching Systems, see Ingetraut Dahlberg and her ICC[23]. This concept of Switching Systems [32] was
conceived for broader terms which should help to relate to other terms from
other fields from detailed, specialized repositories[24].
The moment we accept not only listings of terms or semantic webs showing
relations between terms, but put "words into space" (Wolf [33] we can
position meaning, placing a certain "topic" at a certain
"topos" - in an agreed-upon
context - even at an extra level or layer the same meaning as used in different
languages, jargon, or terminologies, and bridge representations [32],[34], and
on various scale levels or granularities, See spaces-scapes for deep nested
orders (CODATA 1994, Chambery [22]).
Very much en vogue over the last 10 years is the development of meta-data standards and
repositories, but basing on the above the question is not only needed to only
collect, store and retrieve "data-about-data", which can be
relatively simple as in the case of using controlled vocabularies, with
typically just one terminology and language. The real challenge yet is
"information-about-information" [35] [ UNEP - HEM G7 EEES ] which was
laid out as one of the first international meta-data harmonization session
(Benking 1990) and has later been followed by a to the specialized meta-data
hype we have experienced in the 90ies - see summary as proposes for IEEE
[36].
The challenges lie in the different approaches and concepts of different
disciplines using the same terms, create their normative settings, but are not
"compatible", typically do not even observe or relate to
"other" fields. As an example might serve that Science and Technology
Studies and Law and Society Studies often deal with the same subjects like
"society", but from quite different angles, with different tangible
and concrete positions and focus. Stepping back and defining common frames of
references leads us back to the beginning of this article. At this point we can
only propose to study the above mentioned international harmonization efforts,
which were intended to identify compatible terms and concepts, and relate,
possibly "roughly" translate or point at "other"
incomparable terms and concepts. The work of the author starting in the late
80ies was and is concerned with such bridge-building. and defining conceptual
"masterplans" [1] or superstructures[25].
The important thing about any word is how you understand it
Bublilius Syrus Serventiae, 43 BC
5 Summary and Outlook
As stated in the opening paragraph, we need agreed-upon order schemas.
This has little to do with right or wrong, but how such agreements or covenants
help to participate and negotiate meaning and come to an ethical dimension
including a systematic neo-pragmatism. (Herbert Stachowiak 1965-84) Footnote
14. See also Hans Jonas’ Ethics with his new urge for responsibility with time-
and space-horizon [37] and Panetics - an art of governance or science of
reductions of the infliction of suffering [38].
The moment we accept that humans can be seen as "model making
animals" we can share our models and positions and perspectives not just
in the meso-scale environment around us, but anywhere where agree on
"order" for the sake of sharing spaces and places, locations and
overlaps intensities/qualities of fields. Assuming various
"positions" in such virtual, or conceptual or artificial
"realms" allows us to go beyond the dualistic right or wrong to the
co-existence of perspectives, which is one instance of what we can see in
Helmuth Plessner's (1928, 1980) [39] ex-"c"entric positionality[26],
his concept of taking our viewpoint and moving it in order to see with other
eyes, or including other strata or levels.
Like integration and segregation, reductionism or synoptism[27]
(Kline 1996) [10], Holism by Jan C. Smuts (1926, 1938) [40] where we can with
the concept of Specialization and Generalization go beyond dualistic concepts
and arrive at a pragmatic, but also systemic, organic and responsible level of
translation and truth and in order to augment the human intellect by bridging
old and new [41] - BUT not just to, like in a citation Doppler, " to please
not only the thinker, but support mankind at the same time", or with a
citation from the architect Adolf Loos,m seeing palning and building as a
social task and mission [42). A recent seminar at the UNIFYING ASPECTS OF
CULTURE Conference 2004, focussed on the old and new capabilities needed to see
a more coherent learning, communicating, storing, finding, sharing,
understanding, and augmenting (Benking
et. al. 2004), TUAC [41].
Generalization is needed to come to new and old forms of Synthesis, a quality much in demand, just
like thinking "out-of-the-box" (IPA 2005) [43]. But it also alienates
and is liable to be misused through over-claims and over-simplification,
conclusions we draw erroneously. The danger is thinking that we know and can
control when we do not, making us establish something what we think is
"common". But these false "commons" make us avoid
celebrating differences! and learn to live with them, with checks and balances,
finding solutions, settling disputes or disagreement by taking in time, space,
or other perspectives and invest in listening, dialogue[28] [CODATA ISGS in this proceedings and finding
alternative solutions with some more depth, background, and multi-modal
flexibility [45].
"The organismic view is at the same time perspective -- that is, aware of its limitations,not a nothing but philosophy believing to know and to have told everything, but tolerant of other philosophies and other experiences -- in arts, morals, religion -- which may mirror other facets of an unfathomable reality."Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Acknowledgment and further sources/literature:
Without the endless work in all their professional
lives (see references) and kind support of Charles François [5], Anthony Judge
[45], and Herbert Stachowiak this paper, my summarizing work done more than
more than 15 years, would not have been possible in such a broader, general,
maybe generalized way. Other help, material, advise and an alphabetic extended
list of references and literature will be available at this websites: http://benking.de/systems/codata/
References
1
Benking, H., Kampffmeyer, U. (1992): "Bridges and
a Masterplan for Islands of Data in a Labyrinth of Environmental and Economic
Information", The Thirteenth International CODATA (Committee on Data for
Science and Technology) Conference,
2.
s.a. Ropohl 1975, see: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v4n1/LENK.html
- http://www.inst.at/kulturen/2003/08paedagogik/sektion_benking_benking.htm
3 Benking, H; Kampffmeyer, U.: (1992)
ACCESS AND ASSIMILATION - Pivotal Environmental Information Challenges -
Linking, Archiving, and Exploiting Multi-Lingual and Multi-Scale Environmental
Information Repositories, GeoJournal 26.3 1992
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4 Benking,
H. (2001). Spacial versus spatial, Trilogy in Knowmap On-Line Magazine: http://www.newciv.org/cob/members/benking/knowmap.html http://knowmap.org,
s.a.: http://benking.de/Global-Change/spatial-spacial.html
5
François, C. (2004) Encyclopaedia of System Sciences
and Cybernetics, 2nd Edition, Saur,
6
Benking, H.: (1994) on behalf of Brown, N. (director
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Systems Management, 7th Remote Sensing Conference, Melbourne
7
Benking, H. (2003) Ecological Integrity, Democracy,
Governance, and Education: The NEED and a WORK-REPORT towards an embodied
Covenant – Earth Charter Open Space, AND Global Ecological Integrity, Human
Rights, and Human Responsibilities: Intersections Between International Law and
Public Health, June – July 2003 Urbino,
8
Overview & Orientation or Overclaims &
Oversimplifications ?, Understanding and Sharing in a Cognitive Panorama,
Culture of Peace, 9th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics
and Cybernetics Baden-Baden, http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/genre/benking/overview.htm,
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9
Dialog and Decison Culture, See also [45] and IFSR New
Agora: http://www.open-forum.de/AGORA-Fuschl2002-lenser-benking.htm,
and http://benking.de/play/IPA-Benking-TIME-CREDIT.htm,
http://benking.de/dialog/
10
Kline, S. J.: The powers and limitations of
reductionism and synoptism: Programme in Science, Technology and Society
Report CF1,
11 Benking, H. (1997). Weltbildkopositionen in anschaulichen
kognitiven Räumen - ein notwendiger phylogenetischer Schritt, in: Emergenz und
die Psychologie des Menschen, Konrad Lorenz Institut, publication pending, http://benking.de/worldview-compositions.html
12
Benking, H. (2005) Using Maps and Models, SuperSigns
and SuperStructures, proposed for MIST
2005, Multimedia, Where do we go from here ?, International CODATA Symposium on Multimedia in Science and Technology,
13
Wood, D. (1992): The Power of Maps,
14 Buzacott, J.A., Cantley, M.F.; Glogolev,
VX; Tomlinson, R.C.(EDS.): Scale in production systems, Pergamon Press,
15
Richardson, Jacques, George Marx and Esther Tóth, Models of Reality - Shaping Thoughts and
Action (in particular chapter "Models in Science Education"). UNESCO:
Lomond Books, 1984
16
Peters, Arno: Peters Synchronoptische Weltgeschichte, Zeitatlas mit
Indexband. 1970, 1999, 2000. ISBN 3-86150-370-0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Peters - see
also footnote 12, http://www.hyperhistory.com/, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_Synchronoptische_Weltgeschichte
17 Veltman, K; Benking, H: Interfaces for
Cultural Heritage - Cultural Dimensions of Interspaces, Advanced Visual
Interfaces, AVI'98, L'Aquila, Italy, 1998: http://benking.de/avi.htm,
and Veltman, K, Benking, H: Interfaces for Cultural Heritage - Cultural
Dimensions of Interspaces, Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI'98, L'Aquila, Italy,
1998: http://benking.de/avi.htm,
and Veltman, K.: E-Culture Net: European Network of Centres of Excellence for
Research and Education in Digital Culture, EVA, Moscow, 2002, http://www.evarussia.ru/eva2002/english/dok_631.html
18
Triadisches Denken, Michael Giesecke, Lehrstuhl für Vergleichende
Literaturwissenschaft/Medien, Universität Erfurt, http://www.triadisches-denken.de/
19 Bateson, Gregory. (1972) Steps to an
Ecology of Mind.
20 Benking, H. (1996). A Metaparadigm or Sharable Framework
- (Cognitive Panorama). Conceil de
l’Europe: Nov. 1996 New Ideas in
Science & Art – New Spaces for Culture and Society Conference http://benking.de/meta-paradigm.htm
21
TOPOGRAMM -
Earth Survey and Spacial Information System, as coined by the author and
jointly founded as a chain of methods by Heiko Schmidt von Braun and Heiner
Benking, http://www.benking.de/Global-Change/topogramm.html
22
Benking, H. (1990) Rubik’s Cube of Ecology, as part of
System Earth section of exhibition Global Change – Challenges to Science and
politics - Beitrag Zauberwürfel und Ausstellungstafeln "System Erde"
in "Die Welt im Wandel" Ausstellung, www.benking.de/Global-Change/,
see also Footnote 19: Geo-Eco-Dynamics, 1989, and Benking, H., Grossmann, W.D.:
A Conceptual Superstructure of Knowledge - Quality and Content in Organisation,
Management and Awareness, IN: Data and Knowledge in a Changing Worlds,The Quest
for a Healthier Environment, ICSU CODATA, 1994, Benking, H. Grossmann,
W.D.:
http://benking.de/Global-Change/ICSU-CODATA-1994-Chambery.html
23
Gebser, J. (1949), Ursprung und Gegenwart, Schaffhausen, Gebser, J. (1986).
The
Ever-Present Origin. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, and: Benking, H.,
Stalinski, S.: Concreteness in Integral Worlds (2001) XXVII Annual Jean Gebser
Conference, Worldly Expressions of the Integral, Ohio University, Athens, OH, http://benking.de/gebser2001.html,
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24
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37
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Benking, H. (1996) Neue Horizonte und Orientierungen dank einer Architektur
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